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Topiramate
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DRUG INFO
Topiramate
Drug Name:
Topiramate
Indication: Used for the treatment of partial or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures also used as a treatment for adults with partial-onset seizures. Also indicated for prophylaxis of migraine headaches
Pharmacology: Topiramate is an anticonvulsant indicated in the treatment of epilepsy and migraine. The precise mechanisms by which Topiramate exerts its anticonvulsant and migraine prophylaxis effects are unknown; however, preclinical studies have revealed four properties that may contribute to Topiramate's efficacy for epilepsy and migraine prophylaxis. Electrophysiological and biochemical evidence suggests that Topiramate, at pharmacologically relevant concentrations, blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels, augments the activity of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyrate at some subtypes of the GABAA receptor, antagonizes the AMPA/kainate subtype of the glutamate receptor, and inhibits the carbonic anhydrase enzyme, particularly isozymes II and IV.
Mechanism Of Action: Topiramate most likely exerts its actions by four mechanisms: (1) blockage of voltage-dependent sodium channels, (2) augmentation of the activity of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyrate at some subtypes of the GABAA receptor, (3) antagonism of the AMPA/kainate subtype of the glutamate receptor, (4) inhibition of the carbonic anhydrase enzyme.
Drug Category: Antiobesity Agents; Neuroprotective Agents; Anticonvulsants; ATC:N03AX11
Brand Names/Synonyms: CHEMBANK1823; Mcn-4853; Tipiramate [French]; Tipiramato [Spanish]; Topamax; Topamax Sprinkle; Topiramate; Topiramate [Usan:Ban:Inn]; Topiramato [Inn-Spanish]; Topiramatum [Inn-Latin]; Topiramatum [Latin]
Dosage Forms: CAPSULE; TABLET
Absorption: Rapid with pleak plasma concentrations occurring after 2 hours. Bioavailability is 80%
Interactions: Interactions for Topiramate:
In vitro studies indicate that topiramate does not inhibit enzyme activity for CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4/5 isozymes.
Antiepileptic Drugs
Potential interactions between topiramate and standard AEDs were assessed in controlled clinical pharmacokinetic studies in patients with epilepsy. The effects of these interactions on mean plasma AUCs are summarized in Table 3.
In Table 3, the second column (AED concentration) describes what happens to the concentration of the AED listed in the first column when topiramate is added.
The third column (topiramate concentration) describes how the coadministration of a drug listed in the first column modifies the concentration of topiramate in experimental settings when Topiramate was given alone.
Table 3: Summary of AED Interactions with Topiramate
AED Co-administered AED Concentration Topiramate Concentration
Phenytoin NC or 25% increasea 48% decrease
Carbamazepine (CBZ) NC 40% decrease
CBZ epoxide NC NE
Valproic acid 11% decrease 14% decrease
Phenobarbital NC NE
Primidone NC NE
Lamotrigine NC at TPM doses up to 400 mg/day 15% increase
NC = Less than 10% change in plasma concentration.
AED = Antiepileptic drug.
NE = Not Evaluated.
TPM = Topiramate
In addition to the pharmacokinetic interaction described in the above table, concomitant administration of valproic acid and topiramate has been associated with hyperammonemia with and without encephalopathy.
Other Drug Interactions
Digoxin: In a single-dose study, serum digoxin AUC was decreased by 12% with concomitant Topiramate administration. The clinical relevance of this observation has not been established.
CNS Depressants: Concomitant administration of Topiramate and alcohol or other CNS depressant drugs has not been evaluated in clinical studies. Because of the potential of topiramate to cause CNS depression, as well as other cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric adverse events, topiramate should be used with extreme caution if used in combination with alcohol and other CNS depressants.
Oral Contraceptives: In a pharmacokinetic interaction study in healthy volunteers with a concomitantly administered combination oral contraceptive product containing 1 mg norethindrone (NET) plus 35 mcg ethinyl estradiol (EE), Topiramate given in the absence of other medications at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day was not associated with statistically significant changes in mean exposure (AUC) to either component of the oral contraceptive. In another study, exposure to EE was statistically significantly decreased at doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/day (18%, 21%, and 30%, respectively) when given as adjunctive therapy in patients taking valproic acid. In both studies, Topiramate (50 mg/day to 800 mg/day) did not significantly affect exposure to NET. Although there was a dose dependent decrease in EE exposure for doses between 200-800 mg/day, there was no significant dose dependent change in EE exposure for doses of 50-200 mg/day. The clinical significance of the changes observed is not known. The possibility of decreased contraceptive efficacy and increased breakthrough bleeding should be considered in patients taking combination oral contraceptive products with Topiramate. Patients taking estrogen containing contraceptives should be asked to report any change in their bleeding patterns. Contraceptive efficacy can be decreased even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding.
Metformin: A drug-drug interaction study conducted in healthy volunteers evaluated the steady-state pharmacokinetics of metformin and topiramate in plasma when metformin was given alone and when metformin and topiramate were given simultaneously. The results of this study indicated that metformin mean Cmax and mean AUC0-12h increased by 18% and 25%, respectively, while mean CL/F decreased 20% when metformin was co-administered with topiramate. Topiramate did not affect metformin tmax. The clinical significance of the effect of topiramate on metformin pharmacokinetics is unclear. Oral plasma clearance of topiramate appears to be reduced when administered with metformin. The extent of change in the clearance is unknown. The clinical significance of the effect of metformin on topiramate pharmacokinetics is unclear. When Topiramate is added or withdrawn in patients on metformin therapy, careful attention should be given to the routine monitoring for adequate control of their diabetic disease state.
Lithium: Multiple dosing of topiramate 100 mg every 12 hrs decreased the AUC and Cmax of Lithium (300 mg every 8 hrs) by 20% (N=12, 6 M; 6 F).
Haloperidol: The pharmacokinetics of a single dose of haloperidol (5 mg) were not affected following multiple dosing of topiramate (100 mg every 12 hr) in 13 healthy adults (6 M, 7 F).
Amitriptyline: There was a 12% increase in AUC and Cmax for amitriptyline (25 mg per day) in 18 normal subjects (9 male; 9 female) receiving 200 mg/day of topiramate. Some subjects may experience a large increase in amitriptyline concentration in the presence of topiramate and any adjustments in amitriptyline dose should be made according to the patient's clinical response and not on the basis of plasma levels.
Sumatriptan: Multiple dosing of topiramate (100 mg every 12 hr) in 24 healthy volunteers (14 M, 10 F) did not affect the pharmacokinetics of single dose sumatriptan either orally (100 mg) or subcutaneously (6 mg).
Risperidone: There was a 25% decrease in exposure to risperidone (2 mg single dose) in 12 healthy volunteers (6 M, 6 F) receiving 200 mg/day of topiramate. Therefore, patients receiving risperidone in combination with topiramate should be closely monitored for clinical response.
Propranolol: Multiple dosing of topiramate (200 mg/day) in 34 healthy volunteers (17 M, 17 F) did not affect the pharmacokinetics of propranolol following daily 160 mg doses. Propranolol doses of 160 mg/day in 39 volunteers (27M, 12F) had no affect on the exposure to topiramate at a dose of 200 mg/day of topiramate.
Dihydroergotamine: Multiple dosing of topiramate (200 mg/day) in 24 healthy volunteers (12 M, 12 F) did not affect the pharmacokinetics of a 1 mg subcutaneous dose of dihydroergotamine. Similarly, a 1 mg subcutaneous dose of dihydroergotamine did not affect the pharmacokinetics of a 200 mg/day dose of topiramate in the same study.
Others: Concomitant use of Topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, e. g., acetazolamide or dichlorphenamide, may create a physiological environment that increases the risk of renal stone formation, and should therefore be avoided.
Drug/Laboratory Tests Interactions: There are no known interactions of topiramate with commonly used laboratory tests.
Chemical IUPAC Name: 2,3:4,5-Bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-beta-D-fructopyranose sulfamate
Chemical Formula: C12H21NO8S
Half Life: 21 hours
Drug Type: Approved Drug
# Accession No: APRD00237
CAS Registry Number: 97240-79-4
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Topiramate News
(When available)
Woman regains Medicaid lifeline Dec 21, 2005
Charlotte Sun-Herald, Last June, Medicaid notified her it would no longer cover the cost of her prescription for Topamax, a treatment for RSD. Topamax ...
Marketing bipolar treatment Dec 19, 2005
MetroWest Daily News, ...tend to work better when the drugs can be used for multiple illnesses, she said, which is the case with the Ortho-McNeil Inc.’s Topamax, an antiepileptic. ...
Ask the Clinician: Answers to Readers' Questions Jan 9, 2006
About - News & Issues, Brandy. 8) Topamax for migraine: started taking 25mg for 1 week, 2nd week went up to 50mg, stayed at that dose for 3 weeks. Doctor ...
PCPs More Influenced by Aggressive Marketing of Bipolar Drugs than ... Dec 19, 2005
PR Newswire (press release), ..."Although only 3% of psychiatrists indicate that pharmaceutical marketing influences whether they choose Ortho-McNeil's Topamax over another antiepileptic drug ...
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